...SYNTAX...

Syntax: Is basically the structure of sentences. Sentences have to follow certain structural rules in order to make sense. You can’t just throw any words together to make a sentence! (https://sites.google.com/a/sheffield.ac.uk/all-about-linguistics/branches/syntax/what-is-syntax)

Grammar: is the system of a language. People sometimes describe grammar as the "rules" of a language; but in fact no language has rules. (http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/grammar-what.htm)

Parse tree: A concrete syntax tree or parse tree is an (ordered, rooted) tree that represents the syntactic structure of a string according to some formal grammar. In a parse tree, the interior nodes are labeled by non-terminals of the grammar, while the leaf nodes are labeled by terminals of the grammar. (http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Parse_tree.html)

Noun phrase: a word or group of words that functions in a sentence as subject, object, or prepositional object. (http://oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles_americano/noun-phrase)}

Verb phrase: a verb phrase is a syntactic unit that corresponds to the predicate. In addition to the verb, this includes auxiliaries, objects, object complements, and other constituents apart from the subject. (http://www-01.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOflinguisticTerms/WhatIsAVerbPhrase.htm)

Sentences: In simple terms, a sentence is a set of words that contain:

a subject (what the sentence is about, the topic of the sentence)
a predicate (what is said about the subject) (http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/what-is-a-sentence.htm)

Determiners: are words like the, an, my, some. They are grammatically similar. They all come at the beginning of noun phrases, and usually we cannot use more than one determiner in the same noun phrase. (http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/adjectives-determiners.htm)

Adjective: An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies. (http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/adjectve.html)

Adverb: An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb. It "qualifies" or "modifies" a verb (The man ran quickly). (http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/adverb-what.htm)

Noun: A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Nouns are usually the first words which small children learn. (http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/nouns.html)

Pronoun: A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun. You use pronouns like "he," "which," "none," and "you" to make your sentences less cumbersome and less repetitive. (http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/pronouns.html)

Prepositional phrase: A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or a pronoun. This noun or pronoun is called the “object of the preposition.” (http://www.infoplease.com/cig/grammar-style/prepositional-phrases-big-daddy-phrases.html)

Auxiliary verb: The most common auxiliary verbs are "be," "do," and "have", and you may also use these verbs on their own. You use "Will" and "shall" to express future time. (http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/auxvb.html)

Verb: The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb or compound verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being. (http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/verbs.html)

...SEMANTICS...

1. Semantics is the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning. there are a number of branches and subbranches of semantics, including formal semantics, which studies the logical aspects of meaning, such as sense, reference, implication, and logical form, lexical semantics, which study word meanings and word relations, and conceptual semantics, which studies the cognitive structure of meaning. So I think semantics is encharge about all meanigs that a word has depending on the context.(www.oxforddictionaries.com)

2.MEANING: The nonlinguistic cultural correlate, reference, or denotation of a linguisti form; expression.

well, if semantics is related to the meaning, I think this word is the most important here, because it is the base of what semantics is.

CONCEPT: an idea of something formed by mentally combining all its characteristics, or particulars; a contruct.

I think this word is related to semantics because after you got a meaning of a word, you can create your own meaning based on your context or situation.

REFERENT: The object or event to which a term or symbol refers.

as I said before, when you have a meaning, you can construct your own idea about the meaning you need, then you create a referent, I mean an image that let you think about that new word or concept or even meaning.

GRAMMATICAL MEANING: The meaning of an inflexional morpheme or of some other syntactic device, as word order.

Meanig have some categories, I think this is one of them, for that reason it is very important to understand the different ways that semantics define a word.

LEXICAL MEANING: The meaning of a based morpheme.

this is the category of meaning which is related to free morphemes, so other way to define a word by semantics.

DENOTATIVE: Havig the power of name or indicate something. 

so, you can also name or denotate  something in order to create a meaning.

CONNOTATIVE: Signifyng or suggestive of an associative or secondary meaning in addition to primary meaning.

I think it is a meaning that we can use in order to complement a meaning of a word.

METAPHOR: A figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance.

It is an interesting way semantics uses to give different meanings as comparisons between things.

POLYSEMY: Diversity of meanings.

it is related about all the possible meanings that a word can have dependeing on the intenction and the context.

CONTEXT: The set of circumstances or facts that sorround a particular event, situation, etc.

So as I said before, semantics can give us different meaning of a word depending on the context, I mean the situation, the purpose, the consecuence...

... MORPHOLOGY...

1.  Is the study of morphemes, obviously. morphemes are words, word sterms amd affixes, basically the unit of language one up from phonemes. Although they are often understood as units of meaning, they are usually considered a part of language´s syntax or grammar. It is specifically grammatical morphemes (www.webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/morphology.html).

the study of the strusture and form of words in language or a language, including infexion, derivation and the formation of compounds (www.thefreediccionary.com).

Is a field of linguistics focus on the study of the forms and formation of words in a language. A morpheme is the smallest indivisible unit of a language that retains meaning. The rules of morphology within a language tend to be relatively regular, so that if one sees  the noun morphemes for the first time, for example, one can reduce that it is likely related to the word morpheme (www.wisegeek.org.

WORD	DEFINITION	EXAMPLE
MORPHEME	Is the smallest meaningful unit  in grammar of a language.
FREE MORPHEME
BOUND MORPHEME
PREFIX
SUFFIX
INFIX
AFFIX
DERIVATIONAL MORPHEME
IFLECTIONAL MORPHEME